IP Indian Journal of Anatomy and Surgery of Head, Neck and Brain

Print ISSN: 2581-5210

Online ISSN: 2581-5229

CODEN : IIJAAL

IP Indian Journal of Anatomy and Surgery of Head, Neck and Brain (IJASHNB) open access, peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishing since 2015 and is published under the Khyati Education and Research Foundation (KERF), is registered as a non-profit society (under the society registration act, 1860), Government of India with the vision of various accredited vocational courses in healthcare, education, paramedical, yoga, publication, teaching and research activity, with the aim of faster and better dissemination of knowledge, we will be publishing more...

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26-29


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Dushyant Agrawal, Brijendra Singh


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First & Second Arch syndrome


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Author Details : Dushyant Agrawal, Brijendra Singh

Volume : 1, Issue : 1, Year : 2015

Article Page : 26-29


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Abstract

Development of the craniofacial structures is a complex process that proceeds in an orderly fashion throughout embryonic and foetal stages of formation. Craniofacial growth occurs due to a relatively rapid and orderly composition of mesodermal and cranial neural crest cells via a complex signaling network. Syndromes of the first and second branchial arches manifest along a spectrum of hypoplasia and aplasia of the structures derived from these arches. The first arches produce mainly the lower jaw – mandible, two bones in the middle ear malleus and incus, muscles for chewing that is muscles of mastication and a dedicated nerve mandibular nerve which is responsible for their supply. The second arch give rise to all of the muscles of facial expression, facial nerve, stapes bone in the middle ear, most of the outer ear, and parts of the bone above the larynx (voice box) along with palatine tonsils and middle ear cavity. The third arch produce the nerves for swallowing and the rest of the bone above the larynx that is glossopharyngeal nerve. The remaining arches give rise to the nerves for the vocal cords and other nerves and cartilage in the neck.
Some differences between abnormalities of the first and second branchial arch derivatives may reflect differences in the embryologic age at the time of the insult with respect to neural crest cell migration. Other changes are related to deregulation of cell- signalling pathways triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The manifestation and severity of the congenital abnormality depend on the alteration of gene-expression profiles.

Key words:
Branchial arch, Treacher Collins syndrome, First arch syndrome, Facial dysmorphism


How to cite : Agrawal D, Singh B, First & Second Arch syndrome. IP Indian J Anat Surg Head Neck Brain 2015;1(1):26-29

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